Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States Since 1850. Subversive and radical political movements, 20 percent of total annual visas to unmarried children of citizens of the United States, 20 percent to spouses and unmarried children of permanent residents, 10 percent to professionals, scientists, and artists with "exceptional ability”, 10 percent to married children of citizens of the United States, 24 percent to siblings of citizens of the United States, 10 percent to skilled and unskilled workers in occupations "for which a shortage of employable and willing persons exists in the United States”. Asian Americans: An Interpretive History. The passage of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act suspended the entry of all Chinese laborers for ten years. Gold played a significant role in the lives of the early Chinese immigrants, and the majority of these gold seekers worked in the mining areas of California. Chinese immigrants first flocked to the United States in the 1850s, eager to escape the economic chaos in China and to try their luck at the California gold rush. From 1882 to 1943 the United States Government severely curtailed immigration from China to the United States. They are a harmless race when white men either let them alone or treat them no worse than dogs; in fact they are almost entirely harmless anyhow, for they seldom think of resenting the vilest insults or the cruelest injuries. In addition, the male-female ratio finally approached parity. A storm of protest followed, but a test case brought before the U.S. Supreme Court confirmed the constitutionality of the law. (The Chinese did not use horses, so the law effectively discriminated against them.) In the following three decades, about 300,000 Chinese entered the United States to work primarily as miners in gold mines, laundry and grocery operators in urban communities, farm laborers in agricultural areas, or fishermen in fishing villages in California.
In 1965, all restrictions were lifted and the Chinese started to arrive in America in huge numbers. This included 135,549 male and 101,743 female persons, of whom 60 percent were native born. Americans of Chinese and Filipino ancestries are the largest subgroups, at more than 2 million each, followed by Indians, Koreans, Vietnamese, and Japanese, whose numbers surpass 1 million each. The first Chinatowns started appearing in U.S. cities as far back as 1900. The Chinese in America: A Narrative History. Whereas during the 1930’s an average of only 60 Chinese women entered the United States each year, in 1948 alone 3,317 women immigrated. After the 1870’s, prejudice against Chinese immigrants from American society effectively cut them out of the rest of the labor market. News of the discovery of gold in California (which the Chinese called Gam Saan, or "Gold Mountain”) spread like wildfire to every corner of the world and soon attracted thousands of gold seekers to California. Source: Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, 2008. Canton was particularly hit because it had the longest history of foreign trade and the widest foreign contact. The stores were mostly located in Chinatowns and Asian communities. In her article "The Recent Immigrant Chinese Families of the San Francisco-Oakland Area,” Rose Hum Lee describes the war bride: The most publicized case of "getting married quick” was of the ex-soldier who enplaned to China, selected his bride, was married, and landed at the San Francisco airport the evening before his month’s leave of absence expired. They washed the gold-bearing sand in a pan or rocker to let the heavier particles of gold settle at the bottom. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, California by itself accounted for 35 percent of the 4.3 million people of Asian descent living in the United States and also had the largest number of Chinese. Western District of Michigan, Northern Division, Marquette, Western District of Michigan, Southern Division, Grand Rapids, Eastern and Western Districts of Missouri, Districts of Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota, Eastern District of Louisiana, New Orleans Division, Southern District of Texas, Galveston Division, Western District of Texas, El Paso Division, New Mexico Territory, Third Judicial District, Arizona Territorial Court, First through Fifth Judicial Districts, Arizona District Court, Globe, Phoenix, Prescott, and Tucson Divisions, Southern District of California, Central Division, Los Angeles, Southern District of California, Southern Division, San Diego, U.S.
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