It was the practical and utilitarian aspects of light in all of its manifestations (sunlight, firelight etc) that structured and governed their economic, social, ceremonial and cultural activities. The Noongar people have always practised sustainable farming, hunting and gathering to assure the survival of the plant and animal species. 2019. The Waugal is the major spirit for Noongar people and central to our beliefs and customs.

Waugal has many different spellings, including Waakal, Wagyl, Wawgal, Waugal, Woggal and Waagal. [NB this implies inclusive pronouns or inclusive familial relationships], ngal-lan-bur-rang ‘twilight’ (Grey 1840:104) ngallanang as ‘evening’ or ‘twilight’ (Moore 1842:64) mirgaduk – morning (Lyon 1833 in Green 1979: 161), nyanuck – beard (King 1827) At certain times of day or seasons of the year the light that she brings into the world from her fire-stick diminishes in intensity because of the cold damp wet conditions in the sky. Then at daybreak she rises again and repeats her daily trek across the sky from east to west.

Grey (1840: 9) records bena as referring to the ‘dawn, milky way.’ This implies early dawn as distinct from late dawn. (Lyon 1833 in Green 1979: 161). According to their traditional beliefs, Noongar people have lived in the South West of Western Australia since time immemorial. But whether this was the case in Noongar culture we may never know. birytch – ‘the cone of the Biara or narrow-leaved Banksia. (a mythological reference to the return of Nanga, the Sun Woman), *ngala = dual ‘we two, parent and child, uncle and nephew’ Moore (1842).

This is true. As the traditional owners of Perth and WA’s southwest, no one knows the land and history of Perth better than Noongar People. Moore further comments that their notion of day does not hinder them in their calculation of time and distance which he says they measure in terms of daylights; for example, “biryte gudjal” means “two daylights” or two days. Barker must have found this unique cultural interpretation amusing for he writes in his diary that daybreak was proclaimed by the “Cockatoo crow” rather than by the “cock crow” (as it is known by Westerners).

He translates this as ‘the sun is returning’ or ‘coming back’ (nanga, sun + wuraloo, to come back). This is a lighted Banksia cone known as birytch – its meaning deriving from beerat or biryt meaning ‘light’ or ‘daylight’.

Noongar people believe the Waagle gave life and sustenance to people who in return became custodians of the land.

Grey (1840: 47) records gungal as meaning ‘the east.’ Moore (1842: 40) elaborates on this and describes kangal as meaning ‘The east; or, more properly, the spot of sun-rising, as it varies throughout the year.’ This term designates the spatial location of where Nanga rises every morning.11 Interestingly, the “sun cave,” also called the “moon cave” was located by early 19th century explorers near York, Western Australia (first by Moore and Dale in 1830 when exploring the Avon Valley).

a linguistic “corruption of “Nanga” meaning ‘the beard.’ It may be viewed as synonymous with “. We note that the early European explorers and settlers often asked their Aboriginal guides how many ‘sleeps’ it would take to reach a particular unknown destination.6.

Noongar spirituality lies in the belief of a cultural landscape and the connection between the human and spiritual realms (SWALSC 2019). The Noongar people are made up of fourteen language groups, each correlating with different geographic areas and ecological distinctions.

Neither of us are trained specialist linguists.

The indigenous daytime or ‘light time’ reckoning nomenclature may be seen as constituting a series of descriptive expressions or metaphors, the meanings of which vary depending on seasonality and fluctuations in light intensity and temperature. Lyon (1833 in Green 1979: 161, 167) records dawn (or daybreak) as nanga warloo. Generally half.’ This describes a quantitative measurement for darkness or night, that being a portion (generally half) of the whole (day-night) cycle. The Noongars people’s cultural connection to the booja – land is thousands of years old and connects everything across the vast landscape with meaning and purpose. The parrot breeding season of mondyianong (as it is known at King George Sound, commencing in mid-late October) collectively includes a range of edible birds and their nestlings. The Tindale Map: Perspectives on t he South-West and Noongar Country Norman Tindale’s map of tribal boundaries was published in 1974. By contrast some Aboriginal groups in Queensland and New South Wales view the moon as’ their original progenitor’ (see Montagu 1937: 138).

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