While his popular reputation grew, his political and academic reputation was severely damaged, however, by a debate with Marcuse in the magazine Dissent in the mid-1950s.13 In essence, Marcuse argued that Fromm, in rejecting Freud’s biologically-based libido theory as the key force in character formation and emphasising instead the role of social structures, had abandoned the radical kernel of Freud’s thought.

/* Add your own Mailchimp form style overrides in your site stylesheet or in this style block. —cooperates with others of its kind, creating societies which then come to dominate the lives of the species. Alienated labor, Marx contended, is when “labour is external to the worker, i.e., it does not belong to his essential being…therefore, he does not affirm himself but denies himself, does not feel content but unhappy, does not develop freely his physical and mental energy but mortifies his body and ruins his mind.”35 Under capitalism, great efforts are made to ensure human energy is channeled into labor, even though it is often miserable and tedious.36 Rather than satisfying the need to express creativity, it frequently represses it through the monotonous and grueling obligation of wage labor.37. ― (1955a: The Sane Society, New York (Rinehart and Winston, Inc.) 1955, pp. Capital, the dead past, employs labor―the living vitality and power of the present. Chris Harman described socialist humanism as “an intellectual staging post for those recoiling from Stalinism in 1956”.53 Drawing heavily on Marx’s early writings, it was an attempt to rescue the humanist kernel of Marxism from its brutal Stalinist caricature and to develop a “third road” alternative to the “managerial free enterprise system” of the west and the “managerial communist system” of the Soviets and their allies. Aware of being alone in the world, humans strenuously endeavor to establish ties of unity. Or is there some criterion that allows us to make this judgement? 24: For a fuller discussion of the issues involved see Frosh, 1999. The growing attention given to work can be illustrated in relation to working practices. In this process, consumerism as a form of alienation becomes evident. It is important to realise that in such cases psychology can indeed have something to say about the effects of this behaviour but not about its causes or background. Fromm coupled his instructions on how the individual could garner love with the caution that it was extremely difficult to do under marketplace constraints. Ridley, Andy, 2014, “Dark Thoughts: Psychology and Genocide”, International Socialism 143 (summer), http://isj.org.uk/dark-thoughts-psychology-and-genocide.

What is clear is that as Fromm’s academic reputation diminished, his popular reputation grew through the 1960s and beyond. Trotsky and other leading Bolsheviks such as Karl Radek defended, albeit critically, the use of psychoanalysis in Russia; Marxists such as Wilhelm Reich as well as those associated with the Frankfurt Institute emphasised what they saw as the revolutionary kernel in psychoanalysis and its compatibility with Marxism; and Freud’s close colleague S. ndor Ferenczi was the first ever professor of psychoanalysis in the short-lived communist government in Hungary in 1919.

In seeking to understand why these conditions were lacking, Horkheimer and his colleagues looked to the new science of psychoanalysis being developed by Freud and his colleagues. Funk, Rainer, 2000, Erich Fromm: His Life and Ideas (Continuum). 1: Thomson, 2009; Friedman, 2013; Durkin, 2014. The book struck a chord with many and its success turned Fromm into a public intellectual. Secondly, while humans were part of the animal world, through evolution they had developed an ability to reason that allowed them both to plan their environment in a way that other animals could not and also to reflect on their own thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Löwy, Michael, 2013, “Erich Fromm: From Messianic Utopia to Critical Criminology”, in Malloch, Margaret and Bill Munro (eds) Crime, Critique and Utopia (Palgrave MacMillan). As I have argued above, it risks reifying working class consciousness and becoming a substitute for a concrete analysis of the factors shaping people’s thoughts and feelings. As we have seen in recent years from the revolutions of the Arab Spring to the great movements against austerity in Greece, Spain and Scotland, people’s ideas (as well as their deepest feelings) can change on a mass scale, especially when the level of struggle is high. Earlier, millions of readers had turned to Carnegie for lessons in business success and to Peale for God’s assistance in enhancing their social and economic mobility. Moreover, representing ethnic minorities, Kindred Minds vigorously campaigns on an understanding that mental distress is less a result of biological characteristics and more a consequence of social problems such as racism, sexism, and economic inequality “pathologised as mental illness.”63 For Kindred Minds, the catalyst for deteriorating mental health is oppression and discrimination, with ethnic minorities having to suffer greater levels of social and economic inequality and prejudice.

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