It never happened with an Aboriginal.76.

In both countries, the removal of Aboriginal children from their families and communities is claimed to have initiated a ‘circle of abuse’ – a circle which is perpetuated today by the ethnocentricity of existing child welfare legislation, the policies and practices of the non-native child welfare authorities, and the continuing imperialist attitudes of key decision-makers, including the judiciary.6 It is the colonial underpinnings of both the past and present removals of Aboriginal children from their families and communities that makes self-government seem such a necessary and self-evident way forward. We’ve all been through the locking up period, locked in dark rooms. Special Protection for Aboriginal Suspects?

In New South Wales, the majority of children removed were female.44 In the Northern Territories, permission was required from the Chief Protector to marry, and his control over Aboriginal females was such that they remained under his control until they died unless they married a non-Aboriginal man.45, By 1937, the idea of absorption had evolved into that of assimilation: a policy approved on a national scale at the first Commonwealth-State Native Welfare Conference.46 Although based on similar prejudices, the assimilation policy was concerned less with the need to ‘breed out’ Aboriginality than with the need to provide Aboriginal people with the necessary education, training and skills to compete on an equal footing with their European counterparts.47 The provision of elementary education for half-caste children was regarded as of crucial importance.48 Consequently, from the 1950s, the Southern Australian and Western Australian governments allowed Aboriginal children to attend state schools, staying in government and mission run hostels, and being permitted to go home in the summer holidays provided they had a ‘suitable’ home to go to.49 However, although receiving a basic education, many children were also sent out to work at a young age as part of the retraining objective.50. Half of the time our food we got from the rubbish dump. Indeed, it is suggested that the current dysfunctional behaviour in many Aboriginal communities is grounded in the communities’ unresolved grief associated with multiple layers of trauma suffered over many generations – trauma caused by years of living with the institutionalized violence, racism, dispossession and poverty of colonialism.115. Global sea levels dropped up to 120 metres below present-day coastlines, exposing large areas of land that were once flooded by shallow seas. This conferred on him wide powers to move Aboriginal peoples between reserves as a disciplinary measure and to remove Aboriginal children from their families at will.23 This followed similar moves in Western Australia in 190524 and the Northern Territory in 1910.25 A similar model was eventually implemented in Queensland.

Aboriginal Australians are the various Indigenous peoples of the Australian mainland and many of its islands, such as Tasmania, Fraser Island, Hinchinbrook Island, the Tiwi Islands, and Groote Eylandt, but excluding the Torres Strait Islands.. Aboriginal Australians comprise many distinct peoples who have developed across Australia for over 50,000 years. Alienated from their roots, many of this new generation of Aboriginal parents would not, or could not, pass down their culture and traditions to their own children.120 The incapacity of an Aboriginal community to perpetuate its culture through its children thus resulted in a damaging cultural void.121 On a more individual level, developing attachments and forming close loving relationships was difficult for removed children.122 The institutionalization of Aboriginal children deprived them of any positive models of parenting and family life: We had been brought up on the surrogate mother of the institution and that whole lifestyle, which did not prepare us at all for any type of family life or life whereby in the future we would be surviving or fending for ourselves; and then the survival skills that we needed in order to survive in the mainstream community, because those survival skills are certainly not skills that you learn in a major institution. Underpinned by what were clearly racist assumptions as to the backward, uncivilized nature of Aboriginal peoples, policies were introduced across Australia aimed at isolating and protecting the Aboriginal population from further violence at the hands of the settlers until their inevitable decline was complete. Hardly anything … night time we used to cry with hunger, y’know, lice, no food. Despite the reform efforts of the last 15 years or so, much of the analysis within this chapter could be applied with equal force to contemporary practice within the social work profession and the courts.136 Indeed, it will strike a deep chord with the many Aboriginal families still embroiled within the non-native child welfare system.

The road to hell was paved with good intentions and the child welfare system was the paving contractor.1. fulfilment of treaty promises on education. As the daughter of one child sent to the Cootamundra Institution in New South Wales recalls: Cootamundra in those days was very strict and cruel. Starved of money and resources by the state and territory authorities, children living in these institutions experienced conditions of extreme poverty, leading to severe hunger, malnutrition and disease.62 The conditions in Queensland were appalling: There were no cots or beds in the children’s dormitories … and the protectress described how children slept on a single blanket on the ground with another blanket for warmth. [In the Home] they used to tell us not to talk that language, that it’s devil’s language. One of the most damaging consequences of the removal of Aboriginal children was the effect, as indeed was intended, on the continuity of Aboriginal culture at both the individual and community level. Email info@alrc.gov.au, PO Box 12953 Aboriginal Marriages and Family Structures, Review of the Legislative Framework for Corporations and Financial Services Regulation, The Framework of Religious Exemptions in Anti-discrimination Legislation, Australia’s Corporate Criminal Responsibility Regime, 2.

When they went to mix in white society, they found they were not accepted [because] they were Aboriginal. In New South Wales, Western Australia and the Northern Territory it was therefore resolved that light-skinned, mixed-race children should from a very young age be removed to ‘training institutions’ and kept totally separated from their families and communities in order to ensure their smooth transition into civilized European society.51 The first such ‘industrial school’ was established in the Northern Territory in 1899.52 The rationale behind these schools was clearly expressed in the debates leading up to the passing of the Aborigines Act 1905 in Western Australia: [A] half-caste, who possesses few of the virtues and nearly all of the vices of whites, grows up to be a mischievous and very immoral subject … it may appear to be a cruel thing to tear an Aborigine child from its mother, but it is necessary in some cases to be cruel to be kind.53. And we used to go out there to the town dump … we had to come and scrounge at the dump y’know, eating old bread and smashing tomato sauce bottles and licking them.

Dormitories were overcrowded and lacking in basic provisions: One [dormitory], measuring 22 feet by 12 feet is used as a sleeping room for about 25 boys.

I can never say no, because I think they’re going to hate me. There are six small windows, two of them opening on to the closed in verandah. This book is primarily concerned with the future direction of Aboriginal child welfare in Australia and Canada.

So that they were neither black nor white. So effective were the institutions in their denigration of Aboriginal culture that many removed children came to despise and fear Aboriginal people: “Your family don’t care about you anymore, they wouldn’t have given you away. She was tied to the old bell post and belted continuously. I’m just scared of everything about myself. The remainder of this chapter focuses on the failings of the non-native child welfare system between the 1950s and the early 1990s.135 These failings are particularly instructive as to the contemporary challenges facing Aboriginal peoples. Between 1879 and 1946 the residential school system stood at the centre of the federal government’s assimilation policy. A Protector for indigenous peoples was appointed in 1844.

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