325 0 obj 351 0 obj However, the neo-Taíno seem to have been more relaxed in this respect. Peopling the Caribbean -The Paleo-Indians are the earliest inhabitants of America they had a nomadic and a hunter-gatherer society. <>]/P 71 0 R/S/Link>>

2018-05-22T14:08:12-07:00 Some scholars consider it important to distinguish the Taíno from the neo-Taíno nations of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Hispaniola, and the Lucayan of the Bahamas and Jamaica. Some of these Nations had mixed, or even predominantly African roots and include the Cimarrón of Cuba and the Maroon (people) of Jamaica and Guyana. endobj <>]/P 51 0 R/S/Link>> Taíno-like cultures controlled most of Cuba dividing it into the cacicazgos. As the population plummeted, they abducted indigenous people from other islands, like the Lucayan, to work the fields and mines of Hispaniola. Arqueología Mexicana 6 (number 33, September October 1988) 4-5. In this conflict deeply embedded cultural mores, senses of nationality and ethnicity struggle with each other. The encomienda was primarily a transaction between the encomendero, the cacique, and his people, but it could not stop there. The social classes of the neo-Taíno, generalized from Bartolomé de las Casas, appeared to have been loosely feudal with the following Taíno classes: naboría (common people), nitaíno' (sub-chiefs, or nobles), bohique, (shamans priests/healers), and the cacique (chieftains, or princes).

The cacique received labour but not tribute in kind, and the encomendero, in practice, followed suit. The primary leader of an important expedition was often the second-ranking man in the base area, just behind the governor, ambitious to be governor himself but blocked by the incumbent. Agriculture included a wide variety of germplasm, including maize, peanuts, tomato, squash, and beans plus a vast array of tree fruits. endobj After four months the Spaniards captured the Aztec capital and began turning it into their own headquarters as Mexico City. (Webster’s Universal Dictionary and Thesaurus 2003:849) (Caribbean sea – part of the Western Atlantic 340 0 obj Papá Lino 2002 "¡Qué Te Parece, Boricua" Publicaciones Puertorriqueñas, 2nd ed. It eventually made it's way to South America, and then to Trinidad, where it became popular with the remaining Amerindian population. <>]/P 40 0 R/S/Link>> endobj Cuba was then divided into Guanahatabey, Ciboney, and Classical Taíno. 318 0 obj It was a disaster for Native Americans. <>]/P 74 0 R/S/Link>> Thus, since the neo-Taíno had far more diverse cultural input and a greater societal and ethnic heterogeneity than the true high Taíno (Rouse, 1992) of Boriquen (Puerto Rico) a separate section is presented here. 335 0 obj 3 0 obj Their ruler was called a cacique, and the Spaniards adopted the word and carried it with them wherever they went in the Americas.

How is the Caribbean geographically defined? In the Caribbean phase several mechanisms developed, combining indigenous and Spanish elements, that long formed the main structural ties between Indians and Spaniards on the mainland as well. Also during the Caribbean phase an expeditionary form evolved that was to carry the Spaniards to the far reaches of the hemisphere.

[2] Previously these groups often had distinctly non-Taíno deities such as the goddess Jagua,[3] strangely enough the god Teju Jagua is a major demon of indigenous Paraguayan mythology. endobj Seidemann, Ryan M. (2001) "The Bahamian Problem in Florida Archaeology: Oceanographic Perspectives on the Issue of Pre-Columbian Contact". The coastal peoples among whom the Spaniards landed, however, had only recently been incorporated in the Aztec tribute system, and they offered the Spaniards no open resistance. [26] Fray Ramón Pané, often dubbed as the first anthropologist of the Caribbean, distinguished the Cigüayos’ language from the rest of those spoken on Hispaniola. Through these dislocations and the exposure of the Indians to new diseases, the encomienda was instrumental in the quick virtual disappearance of the indigenous population on the large islands. Duke University Press, Durham and London. Cacique comes from the Taíno word kassiquan, meaning 'to keep house,' or meaning: 'a lord, dominating a great territory.' Seaborne contacts between early cultures in the lower southeastern United States and Middle (-) through South America. The ethnic distinction between Taino and Caribs is problematic at best, and the Carib/Cannibal myth has been thoroughly debunked in recent literature, especially by writers such as Whitehead and Hulme. And they did not know that in less than 30 years, their island would be empty from the coming genocide. Finally, sent to sea, she was said to have transmuted into a mermaid. The Taíno, an Arawak people, were the major population group throughout most of the Caribbean.

Zayas y Alfonso, Alfredo 1914. Our knowledge of the Cuban indigenous cultures which are often, but less precisely, lumped into a category called Taíno (Caribbean Island Arawak) comes from early Spanish sources, oral traditions and considerable archeological evidence. They were an archaic hunter-gatherer people who spoke a language distinct from Taíno, and appear to have predated the agricultural, Taíno-speaking Ciboney.[23][24]. They spoke a dialect called Classic Taíno. Elizabeth P. Benson, editor. Jorge Estevez, a Taíno descendant who assisted the research, told Newsweek: “I wish my grandmother were alive today so that I could confirm to her what she already knew. 1947).

Yale University Press, New Haven pp. "There were three distinct languages in this island, unintelligible to each other; one was the people we called of lower Macorix, and the other were the neighbors from upper Macorix" (Tres lenguas habia en esta Isla distintas, que la una á la otra no se entendia; la una era de la gente que llamábamos del Macoríx de abajo, y la otra de los vecinos del Macoríx de arriba).[30]. 346 0 obj

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