|=|, “Roebroeks and his colleague, Dr Paola Villa at the University of Colorado Museum in Boulder, trawled through the archaeological records to look for evidence of modern human superiority that underpinned nearly a dozen theories about the Neanderthals' demise and found that none of them stood up. [Source: Ian Sample, The Guardian, August 12, 2013 |=|], “Soressi discovered the larger lissoir in 2005, but had to wait for more fragments to be found before she could convince a journal to publish the work. The University of Leiden reported: “A Neanderthal spear is predominantly made up of two parts, a piece of flint for the point, and a stick for the shaft. Tools used by Neanderthals in Europe were markedly inferior to those used by Homo sapiens living in Europe at the same time, while Neanderthal tools found in Israel and the Middle east were virtually identical to used by Homo sapiens there. Leiden archaeologists have now shown that this assumption was unfounded. The difference in use was what accounted for the difference in design: instead of being a large piece of stone with big flakes, it was meant to be a flatter, more curved stone so it could cut easier. A tool called 'lissoir' made from deer ribs by Neanderthals is similar to instruments still used by modern leather workers. Evolutionary Anthropology onlinelibrary.wiley.com; The tool technology more They served as instruments for hunting, stripping flesh from animals, processing materials, and creating fire. Neandertals made elaborate stone tools, which were a crucial part of their

The Museum is now open! mouth's, by rubbing a scraper back and forth, and up and down. 'In earlier experimental attempts, researchers only managed to extract small quantities of tar from birch bark, or they didn't get anything at all,' says Kozowyk. I have worked flint for 15 years now and can say the techniques used by Neanderthals are no less difficult than those used later by modern humans.". Another possibility is that the technology spread to Neanderthals in Europe from modern humans who were already in the Middle East. The main characteristic of this technology The spelling Neandertal for the species is occasionally seen in English, even in scientific publications, but the scientific name, H. neanderthalensis, is always spelled with th according to the principle of priority. “Le Moustier.” https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Moustier_sup.jpg. Basic Stone Tools, https://weber.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/arch/tools.html. Janson (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.), Compton’s Encyclopedia and various books and other publications. ==Neanderthal Tools== Neanderthal (''Middle Paleolithic'') tools were far more advanced and varied than those of ''Homo erectus''. +||+, Reports McPherron, et al., “The bones reported here demonstrate that Middle Paleolithic Neandertals were shaping animal ribs to a desired, utilitarian form and, thus, were intentionally producing standardized (or formal) bone tools using techniques specific to working bone. The earliest tools of this kind were found at the Le Moustier site in southwestern France and tools of that kind are mow called Mousterian tools. It it obvious years ago and ended at around 30,000 years ago. [Source: University of California at Santa Barbara =|=], “There are two distinct advantages to this technique. Three specimens were found at Abri Peyrony and were dated to 47,710 – 41,130 Cal BP using radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry, and one specimen at Pech-de-l’Azé I, dated to 51,400 ka using optically stimulated luminescence dating techniques.

Text Sources: National Geographic, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Smithsonian magazine, Nature, Scientific American. Pressure flaking was used here to make sure the edges were curved and sharp. Andy T. “Flint Hand Axe.” https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flint_hand_axe.JPG, Didier Descouens. They also survived over the centuries and gave us insight into their world and culture by standing the test of time.

Precise hits with the other stone shaped the flint a certain way, which created a particular pattern needed for the tool. The Chatelperronian does [Source: Ian Sample, The Guardian, April 30, 2014], “Wil Roebroeks at Leiden University in the Netherlands said: "The connotation is generally negative. Bradshaw Foundation bradshawfoundation.com; Backed knives were made for the ability to easily cut flesh. “Mousterian tool 1.” https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mousterian_tool_1_form_Syria_%28University_of_Zurich%29.JPG, V. Mourre. |=|, Discovery of the Specialized Neanderthal Tools, The Neanderthal site of Abri Peyrony (France) is where the three bone tools (lissoirs) were discovered. Websites and Resources on Hominins and Human Origins: the Saint-Cesaire Neandertal, more commonly known as the "last Neandertal," Their main use for Neanderthals was for taking down large animals, which required a larger and sharper spear. American Journal of Physical Anthropology onlinelibrary.wiley.com;

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