��|-����,���b�����D�w}Z����g��u��#]�_T ���n-v]��>_X���v�-� The history of the beauty industry is as diverse and This industry, which had emerged in its modern form in the United States during the late nineteenth century, grew quickly worldwide over the following century. It shows how successive generations of entrepreneurs built brands which shaped perceptions of beauty, and the business organizations needed to market them. L}��~��d�K�i��A4�s�+���Ae!`j��s�Y\������:�mU�Ů�L��:���8���z*~؇��W� ��t� J< �uQj����a��N1���}ז�-����R�c�J�xL��z�eu�=qkW����i�l^��وr�f].���"��I7�E[����|X#�o�0:.�/�ڀm�����j��~b������*�u�o ����[C�_B{Ր��\�Ǣ��j��eC,�F�����a[*͆�/+M�7��JS�ݕ��]Ǎ�;�B�5�_�:3��QF>G��m2'��q=���w猦�#w��(�_ո�S��ʡt�G+�hm;~��t �Ǹ��

h�T�Io$7F��u�`�}�U]�dA�ɽ�1�m�0�>ŧY2�xVQ�H����x~z�\_�O孫O��Z^_ޯk���t�鶧���{}�/�a7������rƟ������;�~������}xp毿��|z�\�-���֩���J�9�Η�����o�}���t�_��l��2��:�Kw���w�mT�rו�����V��-u�g��|�^)��Ш6:Av�l/dl��(�v�ۜvr'���@:@k#�h�F�l��P���BE�/��(6��h�����l���=�,:ݤ4TY�. endstream endobj 167 0 obj <>stream

�V5i�n��]q�����D��u��H[��h�gQ[ozO�����AV!�}��c��k�ϘV;W���lM�����Y�.��!O���C�t��� This book provides an authoritative history of the global beauty industry from its emergence in the nineteenth century to the present day, exploring how today' s global giants grew. They ... More Firms employed marketing and marketing strategies to diffuse products and brands internationally despite business, economic and cultural obstacles to globalization.

the paper we look at the history and growth of the global beauty industry and how this growth has resulted in the spread of megabrands that have disseminated beauty ideals throughout the world. The use of beauty products themselves certainly did not originate in the nineteenth century. �n��8�+��\;�j��.�!Wt4z]��%�W���-:����J�ևF���l��f���—zW䵰�����70L&ا�'��i@�����X���vЄ���O�Ռv�j'��O�av uن ��fږ��T������h8C�)�ݞ�X The modern beauty industry, involving factory production and the marketing of brands, originated in nineteenth century Europe and North America as a very local activity drawing on long-established craft traditions and beauty rituals. ���p���������4gW��p�����P���+��:�)Vv/�$u�a]o?��R-��N'.N��.A�6�ȵc.�r�O��j%3�/�YF���J#��'�4r���A�6���ڭ�!�sw[Zch+�s'K�-��:���|)����.n�L;�m���l�C�C��s����W�h�S5�Q=0��"�F� ��Y���ӢOY�/a�����_w��>Ꝭ��I��X��Vc]� O�|g��]��DU��Y������t]ZjD��|������VMp��ӧ(�@� �T��ȸ��a�]L0�*E�^tZO �fJ���c*`L8N�����ɬ��jsٯ���H���}�,Rd-^e8��xH�ƒN0�.��'hm��N�6z��7-�$��U��jt� This working paper examines the globalization of the beauty industry before 1980. Historians can trace our use of beauty products and cosmetics back to 4,000 BC, and the ancient Egyptians who used kohl to create dramatic eyes. -J���z�6��c�^��������Lz;T������ ���P��i����ģ�g�M�G�U6��1V[U!��}�j��� Today, the worldwide beauty industry, which covers everything from hair and skin care to make-up is an estimated $425 billion industry.

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